- Which two oxygen‑containing groups are esterified to the carboxyl groups of fatty acids to form a phosphoglyceride?
- An experiment labels pyruvate with radioactive C at C‑2, which is the middle, keto carbon.Where would this radiolabel appear after one turn of the citric acid cycle?
- During catabolic processes, the oxidation of energy‑rich molecules often results in the reduction of NAD+ to NADH.What comparable molecule is the most commonly used reductant for reductive steps in anabolic processes?
- Which enzyme of the citric acid cycle yields a compound with high phosphoryl‑transfer potential?
- Which additional process will be inhibited in the dorsal root ganglion under conditions that cause diabetic neuropathy?
- The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is subject to allosteric control, especially inhibition by reaction products.The main regulatory process controlling pyruvate dehydrogenase's activity in eukaryotes is
- Which of the following does NOT contribute to the high phosphoryl‑transfer potential of ATP?
- The biological location of the Urea Cycle is A. Kidney tubule cells B. Pancreatic exocrine cells C. Skeletal muscle cells D. Hepatic cells of the liver
- What current treatments are used to correct arterial blockage? (select all that apply) A. Nanoparticle drug delivery B. Lower serum cholesterol C. Stent insertion D. TMAO administration
- Which of the following factors contributes to microtearing / microdamage of arterial lumen walls? (select all that apply) A. hypertension B. anti-inflammatory molecules C. progesterone levels D. peroxides
- Why does omega-3 consumption reduce the effects of cardiovascular disease? A. lowers trans-fat levels B. lowers LDL levels C. reduces inflammation D. raises HDL levels
- Besides contributing to microtearing of arterial walls, what else does TMAO contribute to cardiovascular disease? (select all that apply) A. Regulates membrane fluidity B. Increases LDL deposition C. Alters cholesterol metabolism D. Increases stress-strain of coronary arteries
- Which enzyme controls the committed step in cholesterol biosynthesis? A. Acetyl CoA carboxylase B. HMG CoA reductase C. Fatty acid synthetase D. Carnitine acyl transferase
- The most endogenous cholesterol in the liver is usually converted into A. Cholic acid B. Glucose C. Oxaloacetate D. Steroids
- HMG CoA reductase is inhibited by A. insulin and phosphatase B. kinase and glucagon C. glucagon and insulin D. phosphatase and kinase
- The synthesis of glutamine from glutamate requires A. NADH and ATP B. Pyridoxal phosphate C. ATP and NH3+ D. ATP
- How is glutamate dehydrogenase allosterically controlled? A. Activated by ADP and GDP B. Inhibited by ADP and GTP C. Activated by ATP and GTP D. Activated by UTP and CTP
- The physiologically active form of vitamin D produced in the kidney is: A. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol B. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol C. Cholecalciferol D. 7-dehydrocholesterol
- The metabolism of serine to pyruvate is an example of A. Oxidative deamination B. Transamination C. Anaerobic metabolism D. Substitution reaction
- Glucogenic amino acids are utilized as substrate for A. Anaerobic respiration B. Fatty acid synthesis C. Gluconeogenesis D. None of the above