- spore-producing structures in some modern nonvascular plants
- Over the course of land plant evolution, the _ phase became more prominent. _ also became more common.
- all the organisms in a particular area, along with physical components of the environment such as the atmosphere, precipitation, sunlight, soil, nutrients.
- enhancing the life-supporting attributes of the atmosphere, surface water, soil, and other physical components of an ecosystem
- fossil record reveals land plants evolved about 475 million years ago and then diversified into plant lineages with _ systems, seeds, and flowers.
- _ include mosses and liverworts that are small and have a gametophyte-dominant lifestyle
- watertight barrier that coats the above ground parts of today's land plants to help resist drying
- a single common ancestor gave rise to all the green algae and plants
- a waxy substance that encases spores and pollen of modern land plants to help them resist drying
- rely on spores for dispersal, but have vascular tissue
- the nonvascular plants include some but not all decedents of a single common ancestor
- Seed plants include angiosperms and _ that dominate the world's floras. Animals are often used to disperse seeds and, in _, transport pollen in-between flowers
- Green algae are hypothesized to be the closest _ relatives to land plants.
- - include club mosses and ferns, which have small, free-living gametophytes and large, longer-lived sporophytes. Dispersal is carried out using spores.
- _ are dispersed from the parent plant to a new location, encased in a protective housing, and supplied with a store of nutrients.
- All land plants are _, meaning the eggs and embryos are retained on the parent plant. Consequently, the developing embryo can be nourished by the mother plant
- _ are water-conducting cells found in all vascular plants; in addition, angiosperms, gnetotypes, and a few species of seedless vascular plants have water-conducting cells called _.
- What group of organisms was likely ancestral to land plants? See Section 28.2 ( page 565) .
- Recent DNA sequence analyses suggest that land plants evolved from freshwater green algae from the _ algae family.
- _ include single-celled and multi-cellular marine and freshwater species.