- Living organisms are able to increase in complexity due to a constant input of ______ from the sun, but because the universe as a whole is also decreasing in complexity by a greater amount, the ______ in the universe is always increasing.
- In ATP hydrolysis, the ______ between the phosphate groups in ATP are broken, and energy is released
- The production of new molecules and the breakdown of old molecules in the cell is called
- ATP stands for ______ triphosphate, which is a molecule that powers many cellular reactions.
- When an atom or a molecule has gained an electron, it has been ______.
- Only specific ______ can bind to an enzyme's active site, and each particular enzyme can only catalyze specific chemical reactions.
- What molecule temporarily stores energy in cells?
- H transferred from NADH to pyruvate; pyruvate is converted to lactate (lactic acid)
- According to the laws of thermodynamics, all energy transformations are inefficient because every reaction loses some energy to the surroundings as
- The measure of randomness or disorder in a system is called
- oxidoreductase, transferace, hydrolase, isomerase, ligase, lyase
- The loss of an electron from an atom or a molecule is called ______.
- movement, molecule synthesis, establish concentration gradients
- In lab, increasing the temperature provides energy to break bonds; in a cell, significant temperature increase would denature proteins (instead enzymes are used)
- glycolysis, intermediate stage, citric acid cycle, electron transport system
- The energy contained in the covalent bonds of molecules is a form of ______, which can be converted to kinetic energy that the cell can use to do work.
- The stored energy available to do work is called ______ energy.
- Activities of electron transport chain decrease (levels of NADH and FADH2 accumulate so there are decreased levels of NAD+ and FAD); Cell becomes more dependent upon glycosis (requires NAD+ to continue); glycolysis eventually shuts down (due to lack of NAD+); NAD+ must be regenerated for glycosis to continue
- The energy being used to do work is called_______ energy and is the energy of motion.
- different pathways if protein is used for fuel; point of entry depends on specific type; amino group is a waste product (converted to urea and excreted by kidneys)