- The transfer of electrons in the ETC causes H+ ions to be pumped across inner mitochondrial membrane. This creates an electrochemical gradient of protons (H+) and results in the diffusion of H+ ions called . H+ diffuses back across membrane through ATP synthase, an enzyme which converts ADP → ATP) during this process.
- process that breaks down glucose (6-carbon molecule) into 2 pyruvate (3-carbon) molecules that the mitochondria can use
- unfolding of enzyme disrupts its protein structure 🡪 reduces enzymatic activity
- occurs when enzymes transfer a phosphate from a substrate molecule to ADP to generate small amounts of ATP
- Keeps glycolysis going by regenerating NAD+Occurs in cytosolNo oxygen neededCreates ethanol [+ CO2] or lactate2 ATP (from glycolysis)
- Releases energy from the breakdown of food with O2Occurs in mitochondriaO2 is required as the final electron acceptorProduces CO2, H2O and up to 32 ATP
- a process that captures light energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy in sugar molecules
- Cellular respiration (breaking down sugars) provides the energy for?
- the reactant that an enzyme acts on.The enzyme binds to its substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
- process of generating ATP using other electron acceptors besides O2 at the end of the electron transport chainOther final e- acceptors can be: sulfate ion (SO4), nitrate and sulfurEx: Sulfur-reducing marine bacteria
- The energy released by ATP hydrolysis (exergonic reaction) drives what type of reactions?
- photosynthetic bacteria believed to have an important influence on early Earth's atmosphere
- the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds
- binds to the active site of an enzyme, competes with substrate
- During fermentation, in order to keep a sufficient supply NAD+, NADH transfers electrons to blank
- a process that makes ATP using glycolysis when oxygen is not available
- The total sum of an organism's chemical reactionsEach step in the reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
- the energy available for release in a chemical reaction
- stacks of disc-shaped sacs found inside chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll, a pigment molecule that absorbs light
- reactions that convert Acetyl CoA into Citrate which is then converted to CO2