- the principle that statutes violate due process if they don't define a crime and its punishment clearly enough for ordinary people to know what is lawful
- aims to prevent future crimes by changing individual offenders so that they want to play by the rules and won't commit any more crimes in the future
- punishment is only a means to a greater good, usually the prevention or at least the reduction of future crime (recidivism)
- aims to reduce crime by the threat of punishment to convince criminal wannabes in the general population to not commit a crime in the future
- prevents convicted criminals from committing future crimes by locking them up, or more rarely, by altering them surgically or executing them
- inflicting on offenders physical and psychological pain ("hard treatment") so that they can pay for their crimes (you are capable of choosing between right and wrong, free will)
- the use of punishment to prevent or reduce future crimes
- intentionally inflicting pain or other unpleasant consequences on another person
- this depends on culpability, only those who deserve punishment ought to receive it
- only someone who intends to harm her victim deserves punishment; accidents don't qualify
- an eighteenth-century English philosopher and law reformer, promoted deterrence
- aims to reduce crime by inflicting the actual punishment to convince offenders not to commit crimes in the future
- offenses that are crimes only because a specific statute or ordinance prohibits them
- create criminal law by interpreting state and municipal criminal codes
- written definitions of crimes and punishment enacted by legislatures and published
- "conduct that unjustifiably and inexcusably inflicts or threatens substantial harm to individual or public interests
- appointed participants in creating criminal law that assist the U.S. Congress
- proposed criminal code drafted by the American Law Institute and used to reform criminal codes
- damages recovered by tort plaintiffs for their actual injuries (prove/be able to show)
- criminal law created by city and town councils elected by city residents