- Donor bacterium exchanges plasmid DNA with recipient bacterium through pilus
- bacteria have 1 circular chromosome - replication forks are
- two separate set of replication machinery run in opposite direction until they meet up on the other side of the chromosome
- copies an entire genome and transmits that to offspring. binary fission, mitosis, sexual replication
- to copy DNA the double helix must first be split in half creating a
- Name for reproduction process in bacteria• Parent cell and daughter cells are identical (clones) • Rapid process requiring DNA replication
- Which type of base pair substitution mutation results in an amino acid change in the protein? a) Silent mutation b) Missense mutation c) Nonsense mutation d) Transition mutation
- Which of the following describes a transition mutation?a) Purine to pyrimidineb) Pyrimidine to purinec) Guanine to adenined) Cytosine to thymine
- RNA is read by the ribosome which makes a protein
- "naked" plasmids DNA is taken up by a bacterial cell
- How do mutations contribute to evolutionary change? a) By reducing genetic diversity b) By impairing gene expression c) By generating inherited genetic diversity d) By promoting gene duplication
- Which function is attributed to DNA Polymerase ⍺ in eukaryotic DNA replication?a) Leading strand synthesisb) Lagging strand synthesis c) Synthesis of RNA primers d) Proofreading DNA mismatches
- Which of the following describes transition mutations?a) Replacement of purine with pyrimidineb) Replacement of pyrimidine with purinec) Replacement of purine with another purined) Replacement of pyrimidine with another pyrimidine
- What protein tethers the DNA polymerase III core to the replisome? a) Clamp loader b) Helicase c) Tau protein d) Sliding clamp
- Polymerase ε and polymerase δ are primarily involved in which aspects of eukaryotic DNA replication, respectively?a) Leading and lagging strand synthesis b) RNA primer synthesis c) Proofreading and repair d) Helicase activity
- What distinguishes point mutations from other types of mutations? a) They occur randomly in the genome b) They always lead to gene duplication c) They occur at specific, identifiable positions in a gene d) They exclusively affect the structure of chromosomes
- What is the primary mechanism employed by DNA polymerases to ensure replication accuracy?a) Helicase activity to unwind the DNA strands.b) RNA primer synthesis to initiate DNA replication.c) 3' to 5' exonuclease activity for DNA proofreading.d) Sliding clamp formation to stabilize DNA polymerase binding.
- What is the significance of the second rule of DNA replication?a) It emphasizes the necessity of DNA polymerase III in the replication process.b) It highlights the importance of DNA unwinding and DNA synthesis being coordinated.c) It stresses the role of DNA ligase in sealing the gaps between Okazaki fragments.d) It underscores the requirement for RNA primers in initiating DNA synthesis.
- Which specialized structures are responsible for resolving the end replication problem in linear chromosomes?a) Repetitive sequencesb) Polymerase complexesc) Telomeresd) Ribonucleoproteins
- Which of the following describes the effect of gene mutations on DNA base pairs? a) They always add new DNA base pairs b) They never result in the deletion of DNA base pairs c) They can substitute, add, or delete one or more DNA base pairs d) They only occur in the promoter regions of genes