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Which of the following best describes the Japanese response to Western encroachment in the mid-nineteenth century?1. The Tokugawa Shogunate and the later Meiji government pursued a policy of peaceful cooperation with Western powers and delayed militarization in favor of massive investment in education.2. The Japanese fought against United States economic incursions, but became reliant on goods and currency from the West by the end of the nineteenth century.3. The Tokugawa Shogunate capitulated under United States demands for an unequal trade treaty, but Japan soon industrialized under the Meiji and sought ties with the West from a position of strength.4. The Tokugawa Shogunate and the later Meiji oligarchs retreated from engagement with the West and built defensive militaries with little industrialization.

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