- genetics, family history, hormonal changes, inflammatory changes in the brain, head injury, depression
- oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of nerve growth factor or lewy body formation leads to producing the classic triad of CM
- autoantibodies adhere to Ach receptor sites leading to increased muscle weakness
- Tau proteins in neurons detach; amyloid beta proteins form -- both lead to brain atrophy
- first: muscle weakness in eyes, face, nose, throat, back, and mouth; drooling, difficulty chewing and swallowing, respiratory weakness, impaired ventilation
- most common initial: paresthesia of face, trunk, and limbs; weakness, impaired gait, urinary incontinence, blurred vision, difficulty speaking
- auto-reactive B and T cells cross blood brain barrier leads to death of neurons and brain atrophy
- unknown but more common in women 20-40 years old, risk factors: smoking, vitamin d deficiency, epstein barr virus
- hypertension (most common), aneurysms, head trauma, vascular malformations, anticoagulation use, illicit drug use
- forgetfulness, emotional upset, disorientation, lack of concentration, confusion, decline in abstraction problem solving, and judgement
- difficulty speaking, difficulty understanding, difficulty with muscle strength, severe headache, trouble with seeing, trouble with walking
- thymic tumors, pathologic changes in thymus, autoimmune disease
- thrombotic: dehydration, hypotension, malignant hypertension, atherosclerosis; embolic: thrombus
- metabolic disorder, congenital malformations, genetic, myoclonic syndromes, infection, brain tumor, vascular disease, prenatal injuries, substance abuse
- classic's triad: bradykinesia or ankesia, tremors (pill rolling rigidity), stooped posture, dysphagia
- abrupt imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory impulses leads to increased Ca2+ (glutamate) and decreased Cl- (gaba)
- primary: idiopathic and familial, male age 40+, secondary: head trauma and infection, atherosclerosis, drug intoxication
- motor neurons going to more proximal muscles are located where in the spinal cord? to more distal?
- types of involuntary muscle contractions that can occur in intact nervous system
- motor neurons going to flexor muscles are located where in the spinal cord? to extensors?