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Pathophysiology
Explore questions in the Pathophysiology category that you can ask Spark.E!
- Metastatic calcification:- Occurs in normal tissues with _____ - Elevated _____ hormone - Bone _____, due to the effects of accelerated turnover (Paget disease) or malignancies (multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma) - _____ _____-related disorders - _____ failure, phosphate retention (calcium phosphate) --> Secondary hyperparathyroidism (elevated parathyroid hormone)
- Major components of acute inflammation:- _____ and increased blood flow - _____-mediated tissue injury - _____ activation
- Chronic inflammation:- Macrophages have _____ function and initiate tissue repair and participate in _____ formation and fibrosis- Lymphocytes and macrophages interact in a _____ way --> Activated macrophages activate T cells and, in turn, activated T cells activate macrophages
- Granulomatous inflammation: - Chronic inflammation characterized by local _____ of activated _____, surrounded with lymphocytes and central _____- _____: mycobacterium tuberculosis --> granuloma (tubercle) with central necrosis- _____ disease (IBD): immune reaction against intestinal bacteria --> tissue reaction in wall of intestine
- Dystrophic calcification:- Calcium deposits in injured or dead tissue, such as areas of _____ - Blood calcium is _____ (no hypercalcemia) - Dystrophic calcification of the aortic valves is an important cause of aortic stenosis in elderly persons
- Vascular reactions in acute inflammation: - Changes in _____ _____ and caliber - _____ induced by histamine - _____ of blood flow - _____ accumulate along the endothelium - Increased _____ of vessels by _____ and endothelial _____
- Apoptosis mechanism:- Apoptosis --> _____ --> Nuclear fragmentation and formation of _____ _____ --> _____ removal of apoptotic cells (does not elicit pro-inflammatory responses)
- Which type of adaptation involves increased cell number?
- Which term refers to an abnormally increased amount of substances caused by prolonged sublethal injury?
- Which type of adaptation involves change from one mature cell type to another?
- Which type of adaptation involves increased cell mass?
- Which type of adaptation involves decreased cell mass?
- Which term refers to programmed cell death where cells degrade their own DNA and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins by the activation of caspases that can happen in only a few cells?
- Apoptosis physiologic causes:- During _____- _____ of proliferative tissues (intestinal epithelium)- Involution of _____-dependent tissues (endometrium)- Decline of _____ numbers at the end of immune and inflammatory responses
- Which term refers to a network of interstitial proteins that constitutes a significant proportion of any tissue and is involved in cell interactions that are critical for development and healing and for maintaining normal tissue architecture?
- Which stage of the cell cycle is when the cell prepares for cell division, grows, and has molecules made for DNA synthesis?
- Which type of necrosis involves cheese-like partially digested debris?
- Which type of necrosis is caused by enzyme release that liquefies cells?
- Which stage of the cell cycle is the state of cells that are terminally differentiated and will not undergo division?
- Which stage of the cell cycle checks for errors in DNA replication after each phase?