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Physical Chemistry
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- The neutralization of an acid by adding an equal number of moles of a base always results in a solution at pH 7
- Reaction quotients, like equilibrium constants, only change due to temperature
- The reaction stops when equilibrium is reached
- For polyprotic acids, the first deprotonation reaction has a greater effect on the solution's pH than the second deprotonation
- A Lewis acid is a Bronsted base, and a Lewis base is a Bronsted acid
- The weaker the conjugate acid of a base, the stronger the base
- The second law of thermodynamics says that all spontaneous processes involve an increase in entropy
- A pH change from 4 to 5 indicates that the concentration of hydronium ions has doubled in the solution
- Autoprotolysis means that even in very pure water, there are hydronium and hydroxide ions
- If one starts with a higher pressure of reactants, the equilibrium constant will be higher
- For a system maintained at constant pressure, the heat that leaves or enters the system is the change in enthalpy so change(H) = q
- Buffer solutions are made by mixing strong acids with strong bases
- The larger an acid's Ka, the stronger the acid
- Unlike enthalpy, in some cases, we can know the total entropy of a material
- Autoprotolysis does not need to be considered in pH calculations when the acids are very dilute
- The third law of thermodynamics says that entropy goes to zero for perfect crystals as the temperature approaches absolute zero
- Nuclear fission is currently used in power plants: nuclear fusion is not
- If a piston compresses a gas in a system, and nothing else is occurring, the change in internal energy (U) of the system is negative
- Different types of radiation have different effects on living tissue
- Hess's Law states that the coefficients of a chemical reaction must be the same to add the reactions to find enthalpy