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- the reality principle- mediates between the impulsive demands of the id and the real world, and also between the id and the superego- develops around the age of 2 years- employs defence mechanisms to help manage the conflict of the id and the superego
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- Someone incapable of a desired activity avoids feelings of inadequacy by substituting a lesser activity, such as the person who didn't make the team becoming the equipment manager.
- P - One limitation of the psychodynamic approach is that much of it is untestable/'non falsifiable'E - The philosopher of science, Karl Popper, argued that the psychodynamic approach does not meet the scientific criterion of falsification. It is not open to empirical testing (and the possibility of being disproved). Many of Freud's concept (such as the Id and the Oedipus complex) are said to occur at an unconscious level, making them difficult, if not impossible, to test. furthermore, his ideas were based on the subjective study of single individuals, such as Little Hans, which makes it difficult to make universal claims about human behaviour.E - This suggests that Freud's theory was pseudoscientific (not a real science) rather than established fact.