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• La BCE est établie selon des critères d'indépendance des pouvoirs politiques. L'indépendance des BCE sont prônés par les approches monétaristes car les critiques faites aux banques nationalisées sont notamment que les gouvernements se servent des questions monétaires pour des intérêts politiques. La BCE a donc sa propre antenne de direction totalement indépendante des présidents nationaux (cf. Sarkozy et Trichet). • L'Article 104 du traité de Maastricht précise l'interdiction pour la banque centrale européenne de monétiser les dettes publiques des États (la planche à billets). Les pays devront financer leur déficit sur les marchés financiers notamment (obligations d'État...).

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