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5. Cacti are adapted to survive in the desert where water is scarce and there is intense herbivory pressure as animals attempt to get both energy and water from the few plants available. In response, the ancestors of cacti, which once lacked sharp spines, evolved such that their leaf structures became sharp and pointed, creating spines to serve as a physical defense against herbivores. Which of the following accurately describes mutations that occurred during the time that cacti ancestors were evolving spines?

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