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- A syncretic belief system founded by guru Nanak in the early 1500sin South Asia.- Blends elements of Hinduism and Islam into a single faith.- Developed in the context of Muslim minority rule (the Mughals) over a Hindu majority and the conflicts that resulted from differences.- The religion was appealing to some Hindus as it rejected the caste system.- The Mughal Emperor Akbar (r. 1556-1605) attempted to address ongoing tension between Hindus and Muslims during his reign by creating a syncretic belief system ("Divine Faith") that blended Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, Christian, and Sikh beliefs; the faith did not last beyond his lifetime.- In 1675, Mughal Emperor Shah Aurangzeb, a devout Muslim, demanded that the leader of the Sikhs convert to Islam, and when he refused he was beheaded, resulting in a shift in the nature of the religion as Sikhs began to openly challenge Mughal authority.

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