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Dr. Volt has an idea for a study: Participants will be exposed to a series of trials in which the sound of a dog barking will be reliably followed by a mild electric shock to condition a fear reaction, but other sounds (a baby crying, a bell, and a phone ringing) will not be followed by a shock. When later exposed to the dog barking on its own, the participants' bodily arousal will be measured. The patients will also be asked directly, "Which sound preceded the shock?"Which behaviors would you expect from a participant with hippocampal damage by the end of the experiment? From a participant with damage to the amygdala?

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