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In Grovey v. Townsend (1935), the U.S. Supreme Court found that the political parties could limit membership to white citizens only becausea. the separate but equal interpretation of the Constitution applied since there were multiple parties in the state.b. the equal protection clause of the Constitution only applied to state action and not action by private groups.c. the establishment clause of the Constitution prevented the federal government from getting involved in the regulation of political parties at the state level.d. the elastic clause of the Constitution allows parties to limit their membership in any manner they see fit.

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