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- New developments emerged as a result of the spread of knowledgeand technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds,allowing transoceanic travel and trade.- Lateen sails, from Chinese merchant ships, allowed ships to sail in any direction, and the astrolabe was a new tool used by sailors to determine latitude.- Inventions borrowed from the Chinese included the sternpost rudder, which improved navigation, and the magnetic compass.- The Portuguese were leaders of new technology and masters of navigation, leading them to explore the coast of West Africa.- As more voyages were made, mariners learned more about the ocean winds and currents. As a result, new, more accurate maps were drawn up.

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