- TRANSLATION1. now in the cytoplasm, the mRNA molecule binds to the ribosome at a specific place between the subunits2. the ribosome read the mRNA molecule three bases at a time (one codon at a time) and finds the matching tRNA anticodon3. each time a new tRNA molecule binds to the ribosome, the amino acid that it was carrying gets added to an elongating polypeptide chain, forming new peptide bonds4. the ribosome continues along the mRNA molecule until it reaches a stop codon and then it releases the polypeptide chain and the mRNA
- the breaking down of larger molecules into smaller ones using water e.g. when sucrose is hydrolysed it breaks down into two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose
- weak intermolecular bonds that form between the hydrogen on one molecule (slightly positive) and the lone pair of electrons of O, N or F on another molecule (slightly negative)
- - biological material inside the cell is not naturally coloured therefore it is difficult to see- coloured stains are used as the chemicals bind to other chemicals in the organelles and make it easier to distinguish between cellular material
- a double membrane with pores to protect DNA from damage within the cytoplasm
- contain digestive enzymes that break down waste material in the cell
- Karl XIIVar enväldig som sin far. Blev attackerad avflera fiender samtidigt. Befann sig ute i krigunder nästan hela sin regeringstid.
- houses all of the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA, which is the code needed for protein synthesis. when the cell divides it forms chromosomes
- form the spindle along which chromosomes move during cell division
- modifies proteins received from the RER and packages them into vesicles so that they can be transported
- - micrographs start off as black and white- specialised computer program adds colour afterwards
- makes ribosomes and RNA which are transported to the cytoplasm and are used in protein synthesis
- site of synthesis and transportation of lipids, steroids and carbohydrates
- provides a large site for protein synthesis by ribosomes and plays a role in transporting proteins
- - regulates the transportation of materials into and out of the cell- involved in ell recognition and signalling- separates cell components/contents from the outside environment- compartmentalises cell organelles
- Resolution is the ability to distinguish between two points that are close together, magnification is the degree to which the size of an image is larger than the image itself (image size relative to actual size)
- Karl XIStraffade adeln genom att dra in deras landoch egendom. Gjorde sig till enväldig kung.Höll fred och ordning inom landet.
- Gustav II AdolfIngrep i trettioåriga kriget och blev känd som"Lejonet från Norden", dog på slagfältet iLützen 1632
- FörmyndarregeringUppfostrade Kristina att liksom sin farregera tillsammans med riksdagen
- Karl XTvingade Danmark att lämna överskånelanden, Jämtland och Härjedalen tillSverige.