- Secreted by the thyroid gland; inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts
- Secreted by the pancreas; promotes normal bone growth by increasing the synthesis of bone proteins
- Bone resorption outpaces formation, 80% of those affected are women
- Inadequate calcification of extracellular bone matrix. Rickets affects children and leads to bowed legs and deformations in skull, rib cage or pelvis. Osteomalacia affects adults and causes painful/tender bones and fractures with minor trauma
- As the level of sex hormones diminishes during middle age to older adulthood, especially in women after menopause, bone resorption by osteoclasts outpaces bone deposition by osteoblasts, which leads to a decrease in bone mass and an increased risk of osteoporosis
- Supplies periosteum; (accompanied by nerves) enter the diaphysis through Volkmann's canals; they are accompanied by periosteal veins
- Found in spaces called lacunae; communicate through canaliculi filled with extracellular fluid that connect one cell to the next cell
- Concentric rings (lamellae) of calcified matrix surrounding a vertically oriented blood vessel
- Infection of bone often caused by Staphylococcus aureus
- Enters through nutrient foramen; supplies compact bone of diaphysis and red marrow; enters the center of the diaphysis through a nutrient foramen; nutrient veins exit via the same canal
- Supply red marrow & bone tissue of epiphyses; have their own arteries and veins
- Degeneration of articular cartilage, leads to friction of bone against bone
- Weight-bearing activities stimulate osteoblasts and, consequently, help build thicker, stronger bones and retard loss of bone mass that occurs as people age
- Bone cancer that primarily affects osteoblasts
- Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes general growth of all body tissues, including bone, mainly by stimulating production of insulin-like growth factors
- Needed for the activity of osteoblasts during remodeling of bone; deficiency stunts bone growth; toxic in high doses
- A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends; occurs only in children, whose bones are not fully ossified and contain more organic material than inorganic material
- Needed for synthesis of collagen, the main bone protein; deficiency leads to decreased collagen production, which slows down bone growth and delays repair of broken bones
- Fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly
- One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other