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Pathophysiology
Explore questions in the Pathophysiology category that you can ask Spark.E!
- Which type of necrosis has a chalky white appearance caused by lipase degradation into fatty acids and calcium?
- Hypersensitivity type I:- Within minutes, the allergen is introduced, helper T-cells become activated and stimulate B cells to make _____ which binds _____ cells sensitizing them, they then secrete mediators that cause reactions - Ex. _____ rhinitis and sinusitis (hay fever), _____, _____
- T cell activation/exhaustion:- _____ viral infection: Virus-specific CD8+ T cells proliferate and differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells and memory cells --> Viral _____- _____ viral infection: CD8+ T cells initially respond but begin to express inhibitory receptors --> Viral _____
- Primary or Secondary antibody response?- 1-3 day lag after immunization- larger peak response- increase in IgG, IgA, or IgE- higher antibody affinity (affinity maturation)
- Types of immunity: - First line: _____ defense- Second line: _____ (internal defense)- Third defense: _____ and _____ immunity
- Which type of affinity maturation is characterized by mainly IgM, low-affinity antibodies, and short-lived plasma cells?
- Which type of affinity maturation is characterized by isotype-switching, high-affinity antibodies, memory B cells, and long-lived plasma cells?
- Mechanisms of shock: - Cellular hypoxia due to: reduced tissue _____/oxygen delivery, increased oxygen _____, and inadequate oxygen utilization - This in turn causes: cell membrane _____ _____ dysfunction, intracellular _____, and inadequate regulation of intracellular _____
- Primary or Secondary antibody response?- 5-10 day lag after immunization- smaller peak response- IgM > IgG- lower antibody affinity
- Pathogenesis of DIC: - Coagulation and fibrinolysis become abnormally (often massively) _____ in the blood vessels --> Ongoing _____ and _____
- Antiviral actions:- Purpose: to inhibit _____ of the virus at different stages - Mechanism: Virus-infected cell and virus-engulfed dendritic cells produce _____ _____ _____ --> Type I IFN binds to its receptor on virus-infected or uninfected cell --> Production of enzymes to inhibit protein _____, viral gene _____, virion assembly, and degrade viral _____ --> Inhibition of viral replication (antiviral state)
- Shock physiology: - _____ _____ and blood pressure are altered - _____ and systemic _____ _____ decrease
- Which stage of shock is characterized by irreversible organ damage, multiple organ failure, and possible death?
- Mechanisms of systemic edema: - _____ failure - _____ failure - Reduced _____ _____ pressure
- Which type of excessive scarring is an exaggerated process that causes a wound deformity?
- Which phlebitis/thrombosis of superficial lower extremity veins is characterized by thrombosis of the femoral veins can cause thromboembolism?
- Which stage of shock is characterized by compensatory responses to reduced tissue perfusion?
- Which stage of shock is characterized by compensatory responses becoming overwhelmed and signs/symptoms of organ dysfunction appearing?
- Ig isotype switching:- Want different classes of antibodies for different situations, so the antibodies will class switch to best suit the situation - IgM: _____ activation - IgG: _____ response, complement activation, _____ immunity - IgE: _____ antigens and _____ cell degradation - IgA: _____ Immunity
- Which phlebitis/thrombosis of superficial lower extremity veins is characterized by the presence of pain and inflammation involving a vein in the absence of thrombus?