- = tooth's _____ ____, distinguishing what primates use their teeth to eat most of the time versus what they rely on their teeth to do during critical times of food scarcity
- Central American Squirrel monkey, Costa Rica:Female-biased dispersal (not female bonded)Low rates of competition over fruit (food is quickly depleted)
- high quality foods are seasonally scarce?_____ into smaller feeding parties to reduce competition at scarce patches (e.g., _____ and _____)
- Black-capped squirrel monkey, Peru:Male-biased dispersal (female bonded)High rates of contest competition over fruit
- Non-female bonded primates = Evenly distributed foods (Low WGC & BGC)Indifferent to females whether they stay togetherAttract multiple females alone or with male kin or alliesMales unite for ________ (gorillas and howler monkeys)
- Female orangutans, chimpanzees, spider monkeys, and muriquis = maintain fluid association because there are not enough _____ ___ to make cooperative defense economical
- Males are dispersing, joining female kin groups (_____ from a male point of view)
- evenly distributed, abundant foods → dependent on how much food there issame priority of access with the same gain rate
- Non-female bonded primates; Small fruit patches (WGC>BGC)Females want to avoid ____, so they split upMales can either join 1 female (monogamy) or cooperate with male kinSocial organization = Resource defense; pair-bond, or ____
- patchy foods, winner is more dominant/aggressive → decline of priority of access with increasing gain rate→ you want to be a dominant female in this context
- put on lots of weight in high quality food environments
- Small fruit patches (WGC>BGC) → _____ ___Evenly distributed foods (Low WGC & BGC) → _____ ____
- consumption of earth= neutralized toxic compounds
- high quality foods are seasonally scarce?Switch diet to lower quality, but more abundant fallback foods (e.g., ____ ____ primates)
- Fast energyBest sources are ripe fruit, gums and unripe fruit are also good but provide less sugar
- Day range relative to home range determines whether an area can be
- EFFECT OF FOOD ON FEMALES:Growth diets = high quality, preferred dietsSubsistence diets = for survival, but not for growingAdvantageous for females to stay together in high quality food patches (_________)
- Matrilocal:Remain with _____ _______ groupsDifferentiated relationships=________ or ___ maleSwitching ____ instead of groups patterns
- rely heavily on leaves, rapid suspensory mode of locomotion permits them to minimize travel time between widely dispersed fruit patches = resemble nonobligatory facultative folivores, but resemble frugivores more closely
- can get in the way, have to break it down