- Penicillins that have good acidic stability are best to be given in what route?
- What kind of oral activity do ureidopenicillins have?
- What leaving group that when cleaved still has pharmacologic action such as causing the disulfuam - like reaction when taken with alcohol or increases INR?
- What kind of substitution group is the best for oral formulations in penicillins?
- Pen G:- ___________ acidic stability so a __________ is required to raise stomach acid pH so as much Pen G as possible can be absorbed
- What do oral cephalosporin drugs not have that parenteral cephalosporin drugs do have?
- Where should a substitution be placed in a penicillin to provide more stability to resistance enzymes?
- What atom has a greater effect on ring strain in a 4/5 fused ring system, carbon or sulfur?
- What cephalosporin is described by: - gram positive spectrum similar to 1st generation, no as good - more active than 3rd generation for many gram negative bacilli- more active than 3rd generation for antipseudomonal activity - less susceptible than 3rd generations to resistance
- Which two atoms have a great effect on ring strain of a 4/6 fused ring system?
- Place these drugs in order from most ring strain to least ring strain: penicillin beta - lactam oxacefamscarbapenemcephamycinscarbacephams
- What cephalosporin is described by: - less active than first generation for gram positive cocci - enhanced activity vs. aerobic gram negative bacilli - anti - pseudomonal activity
- What two substitutions when made on the left side of the molecule provide anti - pseudomonal activity?
- If cephalosporins don't have a leaving group on the right side of the molecule are they stable or unstable in an acidic environment?
- What type of broad spectrum, penicillinase sensitive penicillin is described by: - same as carboxypenicillins with even more activity against gram negative bacteria including pseudomonas aeruginosa
- What are the three types of broad spectrum, penicillinase sensitive (semi - synthetic) penicillins?
- What carbapenem is described by: - broad spectrum active against various gram positive- gram negative (including pseudomonas) - anaerobic bacteria active against many beta - lactamase producing bacteria
- What drug does imipenem have to be combined with so it can actually do its antimicrobial activity on the body?
- In both cephalosporins and penicillins what kind of side chain on the left side of the nucleus prevents the carbonyl from opening up the beta - lactam ring in an acidic environment?
- Steps of making penicillin and cephalosporin nuclei: 1. adipic acid, cysteine and __________ are the nutrients that connect together to form a tripeptide 2. the _________ group of the cysteine will attack the ____________ in one of two places 3. if it attacks at the terminal carbon then a ____________ nucleus will form 4. if it attacks at the penultimate (second to last carbon) then a _______ nucleus will form 5. then will each nuclei there is a leaving group of the left side of the molecule that will be cleaved by ____________6. after the cleavage of the leaving group the penicillin nucleus is left with ____________ and the cephalosporin nucleus is left with _________